5: The Book of the Fives
100. Kakudha
- DG BB TBW © Translated from the Pali by Bhikkhu Bodhi (More copyright information)
1Thus have I heard. [n.1102] The opening story, together with the discourse on the five kinds of teachers, is at Vin II 185–87. On one occasion the Blessed One was dwelling at Kosambī in Ghosita's Park. Now on that occasion Kakudha the Koliyan son, the Venerable Mahāmoggallāna's attendant, had recently died and been reborn among a certain group of mind-made deities. [n.1103] Manomayaṁ kāyaṁ upapanno. The mind-made deities are those reborn in the form realm through the power of their past attainment of the jhānas. His body was two or three times the size of the fields of a Magadhan village, but he did not obstruct either himself or others with that body. [n.1104] On the size of his body, the text reads dve vā tīṇi vā māgadhikāni gāmakkhettāni. On gāmakkhetta Brahmāli writes: "This word also occurs at MN III 10,11: ekaṁ gāmakkhettaṁ upanissāya viharāma, and at MN II 167,27: amhākaṁ gāmakkhettaṁ āgacchanti. From these passages it seems quite clear to me that gāmakkhetta refers to a village together with all its fields" (private communication). The figures for length given by Mp suggest that his body was 3–4.5 miles or 5–7 km tall.
2Then the young deva Kakudha approached the Venerable Mahāmoggallāna, paid homage to him, stood to one side, and said to him: "Bhante, such a desire arose in Devadatta: ‘I will take charge of the Saṅgha of bhikkhus.’ And together with the arising of this thought, Devadatta lost that psychic potency." [n.1105] The text says tassā iddhiyā, "that psychic potency," not tassa iddhiyā, "his psychic potency." The pronoun refers to a psychic power already mentioned, yet the sutta does not make clear what it is. The context is provided by Vin II 184,33 –185,21, where Devadatta exercises the psychic power of transforming himself into a young boy wearing a girdle of snakes. He used this power to impress Prince Ajātasattu and win his support. Thereupon Devadatta thought to wrest control of the Saṅgha from the Buddha, whereupon he lost that psychic potency. This is what the young deva Kakudha said. He then paid homage to the Venerable Mahāmoggallāna, circumambulated him keeping the right side toward him, and disappeared right there.
3-4Then the Venerable Mahāmoggallāna approached the Blessed One, paid homage to him, sat down to one side, and reported all that had happened. The Blessed One said:
5"But, Moggallāna, have you encompassed his mind with your mind and understood of the young deva Kakudha: ‘Whatever the young deva Kakudha says is all true and not otherwise’?"
"Yes, Bhante."
"Take note of this statement, Moggallāna! Now that foolish man will, of his own accord, expose himself.
6"There are, Moggallāna, these five kinds of teachers found in the world. What five?
(1) "Here, some teacher whose behavior is unpurified claims: ‘I am one whose behavior is purified. My behavior is purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ His disciples know him thus: ‘This honorable teacher, though of unpurified behavior, claims: "I am one whose behavior is purified. My behavior is purified, cleansed, undefiled." Now he would not like it if we were to report this to the laypeople. How can we treat him in a way that he would not like? Further, he is honored with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and medicines and provisions for the sick. A person will be known by what he himself does.’ [n.1106] Yaṁ tumo karissati tumo’va tena paññāyissati. PED explains the stem tuma as "most likely apostrophe form of ātuma = attā, Skt ātman self." Mp paraphrases: "One will be known by the action that one does" (yaṁ esa karissati, eso’va tena kammena pākaṭo bhavissati). His disciples cover up such a teacher with respect to his behavior, and such a teacher expects to be covered up by his disciples with respect to his behavior.
7(2) "Again, some teacher whose livelihood is unpurified claims: ‘I am one whose livelihood is purified. My livelihood is purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ His disciples know him thus: ‘This honorable teacher, though of unpurified livelihood, claims: "I am one whose livelihood is purified. My livelihood is purified, cleansed, undefiled." Now he would not like it if we were to report this to the laypeople. How can we treat him in a way that he would not like? Further, he is honored with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and medicines and provisions for the sick. A person will be known by what he himself does.’ His disciples cover up such a teacher with respect to his livelihood, and such a teacher expects to be covered up by his disciples with respect to his livelihood.
8(3) "Again, some teacher whose Dhamma teaching is unpurified claims: ‘I am one whose Dhamma teaching is purified. My Dhamma teaching is purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ His disciples know him thus: ‘This honorable teacher, though of unpurified Dhamma teaching, claims: "I am one whose Dhamma teaching is purified. My Dhamma teaching is purified, cleansed, undefiled." Now he would not like it if we were to report this to the laypeople. How can we treat him in a way that he would not like? Further, he is honored with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and medicines and provisions for the sick. A person will be known by what he himself does.’ His disciples cover up such a teacher with respect to his Dhamma teaching, and such a teacher expects to be covered up by his disciples with respect to his Dhamma teaching.
9(4) "Again, some teacher whose explanations are unpurified [n.1107] Aparisuddhaveyyākaraṇo. Mp does not comment. Presumably, this refers to his explanation of a point in his teaching or his reply to a question. claims: ‘I am one whose explanations are purified. My explanations are purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ His disciples know him thus: ‘This honorable teacher, though giving unpurified explanations, claims: "I am one whose explanations are purified. My explanations are purified, cleansed, undefiled." Now he would not like it if we were to report this to the laypeople. How can we treat him in a way that he would not like? Further, he is honored with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and medicines and provisions for the sick. A person will be known by what he himself does.’ His disciples cover up such a teacher with respect to his explanations, and such a teacher expects to be covered up by his disciples with respect to his explanations.
10(5) "Again, some teacher whose knowledge and vision are unpurified claims: ‘I am one whose knowledge and vision are purified. My knowledge and vision are purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ His disciples know him thus: ‘This honorable teacher, though of unpurified knowledge and vision, claims: "I am one whose knowledge and vision are purified. My knowledge and vision are purified, cleansed, undefiled." Now he would not like it if we were to report this to the laypeople. How can we treat him in a way that he would not like? Further, he is honored with robes, almsfood, lodgings, and medicines and provisions for the sick. A person will be known by what he himself does.’ His disciples cover up such a teacher with respect to his knowledge and vision, and such a teacher expects to be covered up by his disciples with respect to his knowledge and vision.
"These are five kinds of teachers found in the world.
11(1) "But, Moggallāna, I am one whose behavior is purified and I claim: ‘I am one whose behavior is purified. My behavior is purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ My disciples do not cover me up with respect to my behavior, and I do not expect to be covered up by my disciples with respect to my behavior. (2) I am one whose livelihood is purified and I claim: ‘I am one whose livelihood is purified. My livelihood is purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ My disciples do not cover me up with respect to my livelihood, and I do not expect to be covered up by my disciples with respect to my livelihood. (3) I am one whose Dhamma teaching is purified and I claim: ‘I am one whose Dhamma teaching is purified. My Dhamma teaching is purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ My disciples do not cover me up with respect to my Dhamma teaching, and I do not expect to be covered up by my disciples with respect to my Dhamma teaching. (4) I am one whose explanations are purified and I claim: ‘I am one whose explanations are purified. My explanations are purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ My disciples do not cover me up with respect to my explanations, and I do not expect to be covered up by my disciples with respect to my explanations. (5) I am one whose knowledge and vision are purified and I claim: ‘I am one whose knowledge and vision are purified. My knowledge and vision are purified, cleansed, undefiled.’ My disciples do not cover me up with respect to my knowledge and vision, and I do not expect to be covered up by my disciples with respect to my knowledge and vision."
1Evaṁ me sutaṁ— ekaṁ samayaṁ bhagavā kosambiyaṁ viharati ghositārāme. Tena kho pana samayena kakudho nāma koliyaputto āyasmato mahāmoggallānassa upaṭṭhāko adhunākālaṅkato aññataraṁ manomayaṁ kāyaṁ upapanno. Tassa evarūpo attabhāvapaṭilābho hoti – seyyathāpi nāma dve vā tīṇi vā māgadhakāni gāmakkhettāni. So tena attabhāvapaṭilābhena neva attānaṁ no paraṁ byābādheti.
2Atha kho kakudho devaputto yenāyasmā mahāmoggallāno tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā āyasmantaṁ mahāmoggallānaṁ abhivādetvā ekamantaṁ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṁ ṭhito kho kakudho devaputto āyasmantaṁ mahāmoggallānaṁ etadavoca: "Devadattassa, bhante, evarūpaṁ icchāgataṁ uppajji: ‘Ahaṁ bhikkhusaṅghaṁ pariharissāmī’ti. Sahacittuppādā ca, bhante, devadatto tassā iddhiyā parihīno"ti. Idamavoca kakudho devaputto. Idaṁ vatvā āyasmantaṁ mahāmoggallānaṁ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṁ katvā tatthevantaradhāyi.
3Atha kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṁ abhivādetvā ekamantaṁ nisīdi. Ekamantaṁ nisinno kho āyasmā mahāmoggallāno bhagavantaṁ etadavoca:
4"Kakudho nāma, bhante, koliyaputto mamaṁ upaṭṭhāko adhunākālaṅkato aññataraṁ manomayaṁ kāyaṁ upapanno hoti. Tassa evarūpo attabhāvapaṭilābho – seyyathāpi nāma dve vā tīṇi vā māgadhakāni gāmakkhettāni. So tena attabhāvapaṭilābhena neva attānaṁ no paraṁ byābādheti. Atha kho, bhante, kakudho devaputto yenāhaṁ tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā maṁ abhivādetvā ekamantaṁ aṭṭhāsi. Ekamantaṁ ṭhito kho, bhante, kakudho devaputto maṁ etadavoca: ‘devadattassa, bhante, evarūpaṁ icchāgataṁ uppajji – ahaṁ bhikkhusaṅghaṁ pariharissāmīti. Sahacittuppādā ca, bhante, devadatto tassā iddhiyā parihīno’ti. Idamavoca, bhante, kakudho devaputto. Idaṁ vatvā maṁ abhivādetvā padakkhiṇaṁ katvā tatthevantaradhāyī"ti.
5"Kiṁ pana te, moggallāna, kakudho devaputto cetasā ceto paricca vidito: ‘Yaṁ kiñci kakudho devaputto bhāsati sabbaṁ taṁ tatheva hoti, no aññathā’"ti?
"Cetasā ceto paricca vidito me, bhante, kakudho devaputto: ‘Yaṁ kiñci kakudho devaputto bhāsati sabbaṁ taṁ tatheva hoti, no aññathā’"ti. "Rakkhassetaṁ, moggallāna, vācaṁ.
Rakkhassetaṁ, moggallāna, vācaṁ. Idāni so moghapuriso attanāva attānaṁ pātukarissati.
6Pañcime, moggallāna, satthāro santo saṁvijjamānā lokasmiṁ. Katame pañca?
Idha, moggallāna, ekacco satthā aparisuddhasīlo samāno ‘parisuddhasīlomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘Parisuddhaṁ me sīlaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Tamenaṁ sāvakā evaṁ jānanti: ‘Ayaṁ kho bhavaṁ satthā aparisuddhasīlo samāno parisuddhasīlomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘Parisuddhaṁ me sīlaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Mayañceva kho pana gihīnaṁ āroceyyāma, nāssassa manāpaṁ. Yaṁ kho panassa amanāpaṁ, kathaṁ naṁ mayaṁ tena samudācareyyāma: ‘sammannati kho pana cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārena; yaṁ tumo karissati tumova tena paññāyissatī’ti. Evarūpaṁ kho, moggallāna, satthāraṁ sāvakā sīlato rakkhanti; evarūpo ca pana satthā sāvakehi sīlato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsati. (1)
7Puna caparaṁ, moggallāna, idhekacco satthā aparisuddhājīvo samāno ‘parisuddhājīvomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘parisuddho me ājīvo pariyodāto asaṅkiliṭṭho’ti. Tamenaṁ sāvakā evaṁ jānanti: ‘Ayaṁ kho bhavaṁ satthā aparisuddhājīvo samāno parisuddhājīvomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘parisuddho me ājīvo pariyodāto asaṅkiliṭṭho’ti. Mayañceva kho pana gihīnaṁ āroceyyāma, nāssassa manāpaṁ. Yaṁ kho panassa amanāpaṁ, kathaṁ naṁ mayaṁ tena samudācareyyāma: ‘sammannati kho pana cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārena; yaṁ tumo karissati tumova tena paññāyissatī’ti. Evarūpaṁ kho, moggallāna, satthāraṁ sāvakā ājīvato rakkhanti; evarūpo ca pana satthā sāvakehi ājīvato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsati. (2)
8Puna caparaṁ, moggallāna, idhekacco satthā aparisuddhadhammadesano samāno ‘parisuddhadhammadesanomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘parisuddhā me dhammadesanā pariyodātā asaṅkiliṭṭhā’ti. Tamenaṁ sāvakā evaṁ jānanti: ‘Ayaṁ kho bhavaṁ satthā aparisuddhadhammadesano samāno parisuddhadhammadesanomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘parisuddhā me dhammadesanā pariyodātā asaṅkiliṭṭhā’ti. Mayañceva kho pana gihīnaṁ āroceyyāma, nāssassa manāpaṁ. Yaṁ kho panassa amanāpaṁ, kathaṁ naṁ mayaṁ tena samudācareyyāma: ‘sammannati kho pana cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārena; yaṁ tumo karissati tumova tena paññāyissatī’ti. Evarūpaṁ kho, moggallāna, satthāraṁ sāvakā dhammadesanato rakkhanti; evarūpo ca pana satthā sāvakehi dhammadesanato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsati. (3)
9Puna caparaṁ, moggallāna, idhekacco satthā aparisuddhaveyyākaraṇo samāno ‘parisuddhaveyyākaraṇomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘Parisuddhaṁ me veyyākaraṇaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Tamenaṁ sāvakā evaṁ jānanti: ‘Ayaṁ kho bhavaṁ satthā aparisuddhaveyyākaraṇo samāno parisuddhaveyyākaraṇomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘Parisuddhaṁ me veyyākaraṇaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Mayañceva kho pana gihīnaṁ āroceyyāma, nāssassa manāpaṁ. Yaṁ kho panassa amanāpaṁ, kathaṁ naṁ mayaṁ tena samudācareyyāma: ‘sammannati kho pana cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārena; yaṁ tumo karissati tumova tena paññāyissatī’ti. Evarūpaṁ kho, moggallāna, satthāraṁ sāvakā veyyākaraṇato rakkhanti; evarūpo ca pana satthā sāvakehi veyyākaraṇato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsati. (4)
10Puna caparaṁ, moggallāna, idhekacco satthā aparisuddhañāṇadassano samāno ‘parisuddhañāṇadassanomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘Parisuddhaṁ me ñāṇadassanaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Tamenaṁ sāvakā evaṁ jānanti: ‘Ayaṁ kho bhavaṁ satthā aparisuddhañāṇadassano samāno parisuddhañāṇadassanomhī’ti paṭijānāti ‘Parisuddhaṁ me ñāṇadassanaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Mayañceva kho pana gihīnaṁ āroceyyāma, nāssassa manāpaṁ. Yaṁ kho panassa amanāpaṁ, kathaṁ naṁ mayaṁ tena samudācareyyāma: ‘sammannati kho pana cīvarapiṇḍapātasenāsanagilānappaccayabhesajjaparikkhārena; yaṁ tumo karissati tumova tena paññāyissatī’ti. Evarūpaṁ kho, moggallāna, satthāraṁ sāvakā ñāṇadassanato rakkhanti; evarūpo ca pana satthā sāvakehi ñāṇadassanato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsati.
Ime kho, moggallāna, pañca satthāro santo saṁvijjamānā lokasmiṁ. (5)
11Ahaṁ kho pana, moggallāna, parisuddhasīlo samāno ‘parisuddhasīlomhī’ti paṭijānāmi ‘Parisuddhaṁ me sīlaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Na ca maṁ sāvakā sīlato rakkhanti, na cāhaṁ sāvakehi sīlato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsāmi. Parisuddhājīvo samāno ‘parisuddhājīvomhī’ti paṭijānāmi ‘parisuddho me ājīvo pariyodāto asaṅkiliṭṭho’ti. Na ca maṁ sāvakā ājīvato rakkhanti, na cāhaṁ sāvakehi ājīvato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsāmi. Parisuddhadhammadesano samāno ‘parisuddhadhammadesanomhī’ti paṭijānāmi ‘parisuddhā me dhammadesanā pariyodātā asaṅkiliṭṭhā’ti. Na ca maṁ sāvakā dhammadesanato rakkhanti, na cāhaṁ sāvakehi dhammadesanato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsāmi. Parisuddhaveyyākaraṇo samāno ‘parisuddhaveyyākaraṇomhī’ti paṭijānāmi ‘Parisuddhaṁ me veyyākaraṇaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Na ca maṁ sāvakā veyyākaraṇato rakkhanti, na cāhaṁ sāvakehi veyyākaraṇato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsāmi. Parisuddhañāṇadassano samāno ‘parisuddhañāṇadassanomhī’ti paṭijānāmi ‘Parisuddhaṁ me ñāṇadassanaṁ pariyodātaṁ asaṅkiliṭṭhan’ti. Na ca maṁ sāvakā ñāṇadassanato rakkhanti, na cāhaṁ sāvakehi ñāṇadassanato rakkhaṁ paccāsīsāmī"ti.
Dasamaṁ.
Kakudhavaggo pañcamo.
12Dve sampadā byākaraṇaṁ,
phāsu akuppapañcamaṁ;
Sutaṁ kathā āraññako,
sīho ca kakudho dasāti.
Dutiyo paṇṇāsako samatto.